San Andreas Case Laws

These are the most commonly known case laws.

(a) Terry v. Ohio (1968)

This case established the legal concept of "stop and frisk." It allows law enforcement officers to conduct a brief, limited search of a person's outer clothing if they have reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous.

(b) Graham v. Connor (1989)

This case established the standard for evaluating claims of excessive force by law enforcement officers under the Fourth Amendment. The "objective reasonableness" standard requires that an officer's use of force be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the benefit of hindsight.

(c) Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

This landmark case established the requirement for law enforcement officers to inform individuals of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, before conducting custodial interrogations.

(d) Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

This case established the exclusionary rule, which prohibits the use of evidence obtained through illegal searches or seizures in criminal trials. It applies to both state and federal law enforcement officers.

(e) Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement officers cannot use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing suspect unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others.

(f) Illinois v. Wardlow (2000)

This case clarified the circumstances under which a law enforcement officer can conduct a "Terry stop" based solely on a suspect's unprovoked flight from officers in a high-crime area. The Court held that such flight can be considered a relevant factor in determining reasonable suspicion.

(g) Pennsylvania v. Mimms (1977)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement officers can order occupants of a stopped vehicle to exit the vehicle during a traffic stop without violating the Fourth Amendment, as long as the officers have a legitimate reason for doing so, such as officer safety.

(h) Maryland v. Wilson (1997)

This case extended the principles of Pennsylvania v. Mimms to passengers in stopped vehicles, ruling that law enforcement officers may order passengers out of a stopped vehicle during a traffic stop for officer safety reasons.